Currently, I am calculating the pseudo-inverse to solve the system, which is simple and fast for my purpose (with a computer, obviously). However, each equation represents an individual from a population. For reasons outside the scope of this site, I need to give more importance to some individuals than others.
E.g., consider a total of $N$ individuals. $0.1N$ would be special and have weight $2$. The only way I can think of to accomplish that is to duplicate the $0.1N$ corresponding equations. Since I am no math expert, I don't know if it is effective or with no effect at all. If equation duplication is effective, ok, that's a solution, but with a minor problem: it does not allow to use non-integer weights.
obs.: I don't know for sure, but the answer for non-overdetermined linear systems might also apply.