Questions tagged [matrices]

For any topic related to matrices. This includes: systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors (diagonalization, triangularization), determinant, trace, characteristic polynomial, adjugate and adjoint, transpose, Jordan normal form, matrix algorithms (e.g. LU, Gauss elimination, SVD, QR), invariant factors, quadratic forms, etc. For questions specifically concerning matrix equations, use the (matrix-equations) tag.

A matrix is a rectangular array of elements, usually numbers or variables, arranged in rows and columns. A matrix with $m$ rows and $n$ columns has $m \times n$ elements and is called an $m$ by $n$ matrix. Matrices are a part of .

Matrices can be added and subtracted. Furthermore, if they have compatible shapes, they can be multiplied. More precisely, given two matrices $A$ and $B$, the matrix $AB$ is defined when the number of columns of $A$ is equal to the number of rows of $B$. In particular, given a natural number $n$, any two matrices $A$ and $B$ with $n$ columns and $n$ rows can be multiplied in both ways (that is, both $AB$ and $BA$ exist).


For questions specifically concerning matrix equations, use the tag.

55954 questions
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What happens when solving a system of equations Ax=b for a matrix A that is nearly singular?

Which of the following are necessarily true when solving a system of linear equations Ax=b for a matrix A that is nearly singular? Note: the residual of a solution is defined here to be the Euclidian norm of the vector r, where r = Ax - b calculated…
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Lower bound on Frobenius norm of product

Suppose that $A, B \in \mathbf R^{m \times n}$ with $m \leq n$. Let $\|\,\cdot\,\|$ denote the Frobenius norm and let $\langle \,\cdot\,, \,\cdot\,\rangle$ denote the Frobenius inner product. Note that $$ \|A^T A\|^2 = \sum_{j=1}^m \sigma_j(A)^4…
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How would I find Matrix $B$ in the following equation?

Let $A$ be a $4\times 3$ matrix. Consider matrix $B$ which is a pre-multiplier of matrix $A$, that is, $BA$. Find matrix $B$ if it performs the following elementary row operation on $A$ Multiplies the second row by 4. I let $C$ be the product after…
VikeStep
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All principal minors are equal to zero

Let's assume that all principal minors of symetric square matrix $A$ ($n\times n$) are equal to zero, then what definiteness does this matrix have? It's obvious that it's semidefinite, of course. But which exactly semidefiniteness is it? Negative,…
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Is there an $M \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $\forall A \in \mathbb{M}^{n \times m},||A||_{\mathrm{frob}} \leq M ||A||_{\mathrm{op}}$?

Is there an $M \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $\forall A \in \mathbb{M}^{n \times m},||A||_{frob} \leq M||A||_{op}$? Research effort We can assume that $A \neq 0$. $$ \frac{||A||_{\mathrm{frob}}}{||A||_{\mathrm{op}}} \leq …
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an element of $\text{SL}(3, \mathbf Z)$ of order 5

It is known that the orders of elements of $\text{SL}(2, \mathbf Z)$ are restricted: for example, there is no element of order 5. What about for $\text{SL}(3,\mathbf Z)$? Does there exist an element of order 5? Of order 7? Of order any integer? How…
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Hadamard matrix product

Can someone help me to understand the last two steps in Hadamard transpose times Hardamard in the given image? I don’t understand how/why the $8I$’s got multiplied by $Q_8$. Gilbert Strang, page 242: Then $Q=H/2$ has orthonormal columns. Dividing…
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Permutation matrix notation

What is the official notation (and the source of the notation) of the following permutations matrices (one shift left of identity matrix): For $n=2$ $P = \left(\begin{matrix}0 & 1\\ 1&0\end{matrix}\right)$ For $n=3$ $P = \left(\begin{matrix}0 & 0 &…
ranaivo
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If $A$ normal, then there exists a matrix $B$ such that $A=B^2$

Let $A$ be a complex normal $n\times n$ matrix. My exercise is to show that there exists a $n\times n$ matrix $B$ for which $A=B^2$. The hint is to use the spectral theorem. Here is what I have been thinking: Since $A$ normal, there exists unitary…
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Trouble with proof that $C^\prime= B^\prime A^\prime$

I am trying to follow a proof that if $C = AB$, then $C^\prime= B^\prime A^\prime$. I attach the image. I do not understand the last step, since for example it was never shown that $a_{js} = b^\prime_{is}$. Is someone able to tell me what I…
Cola
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Alternative formulations of $\operatorname{tr}(A \log X)$

Let $C(Z_1)$ and $C(Z_2)$ be the auto-covariance matrices of $Z_1$ and $Z_2$ respectively. For Matrix KL divergence, $\DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{\operatorname{tr}} MKL(P \Vert Q) = \tr(P \log P - P \log Q - P + Q)$ In my use case, I am computing…
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The maximum distance in SO(3)

I wonder why $\max\Vert R_1-R_2 \Vert =2\sqrt2$, where $R_1,R_2 \in SO(3)$, $=\operatorname{tr}(A^{\operatorname{T}}B)$.
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How find this vmatrix of this $a_{n}=\frac{(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}$

find this value $$B_{n\times n}=\begin{vmatrix} a_{1}&a_{0}&\cdots&\cdots&0\\ a_{2}&\cdots&&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots&\cdots&&\cdots&\cdots\\ a_{n-1}&&\cdots&a_{1}&a_{0}\\ a_{n}&a_{n-1}&\cdots&a_{2}&a_{1} \end{vmatrix}$$ where…
math110
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Unicity of identity

I've two doubts: 1) If $A,B$ are square matrices and $AB=I_n$, but not necessary $BA=I_n$, is true that $A$ is invertible and $A^{-1}=B$? 2) If $AB=B$, then $A=I_n$. Well, I know that the second afirmation if false, but I don't know…
DGs
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Efficiency of the matrix multiplication of three matrices

I would appreciate if someone could help me with this problem. I have tried to find a general expression for the multiplication of three matrices but wasn't successful in my pursuit. enter image description here