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let $$\int_{0}^{1}\dfrac{x^{n-1}}{1+x}dx=\dfrac{a}{n}+\dfrac{b}{n^2}+o(\dfrac{1}{n^2}),n\to \infty$$

Find the $a,b$

$$\dfrac{x^{n-1}}{1+x}=x^{n-1}(1-x+x^2-x^3+\cdots)=x^{n-1}-x^n+\cdots$$ so $$\int_{0}^{1}\dfrac{x^{n-1}}{1+x}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}+\dfrac{1}{n+2}-\cdots$$ and note $$\dfrac{1}{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{n}\left(\frac{1}{1+\dfrac{1}{n}}\right)=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n^2}+\dfrac{1}{n^3}+o(1/n^3)$$ and simaler $$\dfrac{1}{n+2}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{2}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$ $$\dfrac{1}{n+3}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{3}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$ then which term end?

nokiddn
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math110
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3 Answers3

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Here's a possible to find the coefficients: From $$ n\int_0^1 \frac{x^{n-1}}{1+x} d\;x =\left[\frac{x^n}{1+x} \right]^1_0 + \int_0^1 \frac{x^n}{(1+x)^2} d\;x =1/2 + \int_0^1 \frac{x^n}{(1+x)^2} d\;x $$ Since the last term tends to zero as $n$ increases, we get $a =1/2$. The same process allows to determine $b$.

Pi89
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$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\dsc}[1]{\displaystyle{\color{red}{#1}}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\Li}[1]{\,{\rm Li}_{#1}} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert}$ \begin{align} \int_{0}^{1}{x^{n - 1} \over 1 + x}\,\dd x& =\sum_{k\ =\ 0}^{\infty}\pars{-1}^{k}\int_{0}^{1}x^{n - 1 + k}\,\dd x =\sum_{k\ =\ 0}^{\infty}{\pars{-1}^{k} \over n + k} =\sum_{k\ =\ 0}^{\infty}\pars{{1 \over 2k + n} - {1 \over 2k + 1 + n}} \\[5mm]&={1 \over 4}\sum_{k\ =\ 0}^{\infty} {1 \over \bracks{k + \pars{n + 1}/2}\pars{k + n/2}} =\half\bracks{\Psi\pars{n + 1 \over 2} - \Psi\pars{n \over 2}} \end{align}

where $\ds{\Psi}$ is the Digamma Function.

Then, \begin{align} \color{#66f}{\large a}&=\lim_{n\ \to\ \infty} n\braces{\half\bracks{\Psi\pars{n + 1 \over 2} - \Psi\pars{n \over 2}}} =\color{#66f}{\large\half} \\[5mm] \color{#66f}{\large b}&=\lim_{n\ \to\ \infty} n^{2}\braces{ \half\bracks{\Psi\pars{n + 1 \over 2} - \Psi\pars{n \over 2}} - {1 \over 2n}} =\color{#66f}{\large{1 \over 4}} \end{align}

Lucian
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Felix Marin
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1

Thank you,I have use two parts integral following $$\int_{0}^{1}x^nf(x)dx=\dfrac{f(1)}{n}-\dfrac{f(1)+f'(1)}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$ where $f\in C^{2}[0,1]$

$$I=\int_{0}^{1}f(x)d\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}=\dfrac{f(1)}{n+1}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\int_{0}^{1}f'(x)d\dfrac{x^{n+2}}{n+2}$$ so $$I=\dfrac{f(1)}{n+1}-\dfrac{f'(1)}{(n+1)(n+2)}+\dfrac{f''(\xi)}{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)},0<\xi<1$$ since $$\dfrac{f''(\xi)}{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}=c/n^3+o(1/n^3)=o(1/n^2),n\to \infty$$ and $$\dfrac{1}{n+1}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$ $$\dfrac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)}=\left(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{2}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)\right)=\dfrac{1}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$ so $$\int_{0}^{1}x^nf(x)dx=\dfrac{f(1)}{n}-\dfrac{f(1)+f'(1)}{n^2}+o(1/n^2)$$

math110
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