you need to demonstrate that $f$ is injective and surjective. to show injectivity you need to prove that if:
$$
f(a,b) = f(c,d)
$$
then
$$
a=c \\
b=d
$$
this is a nice little exercise in algebra, so i will not spoil the fun by doing it for you!
to show surjectivity you need to prove that the equations:
$$
x^2+y = s \\
x +2y^2 = t
$$
with $s,t \gt 0$ always have a solution with $x, y \gt 0$. substitution will give you a degree-four equation in $x$ or $y$, which resolves to a quadratic in $x^2$ or $y^2$, so you need to show that this quadratic has a positive real root which is less than $s$ (in the $x$ case) or less than $\frac{t}{\sqrt{2}}$ (in the $y$ case)