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for this question i have found that for part

(i) at $z=0$ we have an essential singularity

however, I'm not sure how to solve for the residual?

(ii) at $z=0$ we have a pole of order $2$, and i have found the residual to be $1$

(iii) at $z=0$ we have an essential singularity

* however, again I'm not sure how to solve for the residual? *

jimmy
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2 Answers2

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$$\sin \left(\frac{1}{z}\right) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}\left(\frac{1}{z}\right)^{2n+1}$$

The residue is the coefficient on the $z^{-1}$ term, which here is 1.


Using partial fraction expansion, we see that

$$\frac{z+2}{z^2(z+1)}=\frac{-1}{z}+\frac{2}{z^2}+\frac{1}{z+1}$$

The residue is the coefficient on the $z^{-1}$ term, which here is -1.


$$\begin{align} \frac{z(e^z-e^{-z})}{1-\cos z}&=\frac{z\sinh z}{\sin^2 (z/2)}\\\\ &=\frac{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{2n+2}}{(2n+1)!}}{\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(z/2)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\right)^2}\\\\ &=\frac{z^2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}}{(z/2)^2\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(z/2)^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}\right)^2}\\\\ &=\frac{4\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}}{\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(z/2)^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}\right)^2} \end{align}$$

The leading term in the series of the denominator is $1$. Thus, the function of interest has no singularity at $z=0$ and therefore, the residue is $0$. In fact, the limit as $z \to 0$ of the function of interest is $4$.

Mark Viola
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  • Laurent series expansion is very difficult for (iii) – Empty Apr 17 '15 at 04:29
  • @S.Panja-1729 One doesn't need the Laurent series to compute the residue. One only needs the coefficient on the $z^{-1}$ term. For (iii), that coefficient is $0$ since the series in the denominator is not $0$ for $z=0$. – Mark Viola Apr 17 '15 at 04:37
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For (i), $Res(f,0)=$coefficient of $z^{-1}=1$ , using Laurent series expansion of $\sin(1/z)$.

(iii) $Res(h,0)=\lim_{z\to 0}zh(z)=\lim_{z\to 0}\frac{z^2(e^z-e^{-z})}{1-\cos z}$ , as at $z=0$ $h$ has simple pole.

(ii) $Res(g,0)=\lim_{z\to 0}\frac{1}{(m-1)!}\frac{d^{m-1}}{dz^{m-1}}(z-0)^mg(z)$ , for pole of order $m(>1)$ at $z=0$.

Empty
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  • for (iii) would that simply be $0$? surely we'd have to use Laurents expansion again as we have $\cos(z)$ in the denominator? – jimmy Apr 17 '15 at 03:28
  • Just find the limit.....Limiting value is the answer...I don't know what is the answer....I think you can find it. – Empty Apr 17 '15 at 04:28
  • One needs to know the order of the singularity to apply the formula you referenced for calculating the residue. Here, that order is zero and the formula doesn't even apply inasmuch as the residue is zero. – Mark Viola Apr 17 '15 at 04:41