Evaluate $\int \frac{\sec^{2}{x}}{(\sec{x} + \tan{x})^{5/2}} \ \mathrm dx$

Question

I am unable to solve the following integral: $$\int \frac{\sec^{2}{x}}{(\sec{x} + \tan{x})^{5/2}} \ \mathrm dx.$$

Tried putting $t=\tan{x}$ so that numerator has $\sec^{2}{x}$ but that doesn't help.

Answer 1

First let $y=\tan{x}$ so the integral becomes

$$\int \frac{dy}{\left (y+\sqrt{1+y^2}\right)^{5/2}}$$

Now let $u = y+\sqrt{1+y^2}$; then I find that

$$y=\frac12 \left (u-\frac{1}{u}\right ) \implies dy = \frac12 \left (1+\frac{1}{u^2} \right )$$

Then the integral is

$$\frac12 \int du \left (u^{-5/2}+u^{-9/2} \right ) = -\frac13 u^{-3/2}-\frac17 u^{-7/2}+C $$

Therefore

$$\int dx \frac{\sec^2{x}}{(\sec{x}+\tan{x})^{5/2}} = -\frac13 (\sec{x}+\tan{x})^{-3/2} - \frac17 (\sec{x}+\tan{x})^{-7/2} + C $$

Answer 2

Here are some hints:

• Put $t = \sec{x} + \tan{x}$.

• Use the identity $\sec^{2}{x} - \tan^{2}{x} = 1$, to get the value of $\sec{x}$ in terms of $t$.

Complete Solution:

$t = \sec{x} + \tan{x} \Rightarrow dt = \sec{x} \cdot (\sec{x}+\tan{x}) dx \Rightarrow dt = \Bigl(t+\frac{1}{t}\Bigr)\cdot t \ dx$. By following the above you get $t+\frac{1}{t} = \sec{x}$. So your integral becomes \begin{align*} \int \frac{\sec^{2}{x}}{(\sec{x}+\tan{x})^{5/2}}\ dx &= \int \frac{1}{t^{5/2}} \times \biggl(t+\frac{1}{t}\biggr)^{2} \times \frac{dt}{(t+\frac{1}{t}) \cdot t}\end{align*}

Answer 3

A Generalization for

• this Question
• Evaluate $ \int \cfrac { \sec^2x}{ ( \sec x + \tan x)^{9/2}}dx $ and
• https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/614699/evaluate-the-integral-int-sec2x-sec-x-tan-x6-mathrmdx

Setting $\displaystyle x=\frac\pi2-2y$

$\displaystyle\implies(i) dx=-2dy$

and $\displaystyle(ii)\sec x=\sec\left(\frac\pi2-2y\right)=\csc2y$ and similarly, $\displaystyle\tan\left(\frac\pi2-2y\right)=\cot2y$

$$I=\int \frac{\sec^mx}{(\sec x + \tan x)^n}dx=-\int\frac{\csc^m2y}{(\csc2y+\cot2y)^n}2dy$$

$$=-\int\frac{2dy}{(\sin2y)^{m-n}(1+\cos2y)^n}$$

Using the Weierstrass substitution, $$I=-\int\frac{(1+\tan^2y)^{m-1}\sec^2ydy}{2^{m-1}(\tan y)^{m-n}}$$

Setting $\tan y=u,$ $$I=-\int\frac{(1+u^2)^{m-1}du}{2^{m-1}u^{m-n}}$$

This can be solved easily using Binomial Expansion

if $(i)$ integer $m\ge1$

and if $(ii)n$ is not an integer(so will be $m-n$ as $m$ is an integer)

we need to add one assumption $\displaystyle \sin y,\cos y>0$ i..e, $y$ lie sin the first quadrant, else we need to handle the signs of $(\sin2y)^{m-n}, (1+\cos2y)^n$ carefully.

Now $\displaystyle u=\tan y=\tan\left(\frac\pi4-\frac x2\right)=\frac{1-\tan\frac x2}{1+\tan\frac x2}=\frac{\cos\frac x2-\sin\frac x2}{\cos\frac x2+\sin\frac x2}$

$\displaystyle=\frac{\left(\cos\frac x2-\sin\frac x2\right)\left(\cos\frac x2+\sin\frac x2\right)}{\left(\cos\frac x2+\sin\frac x2\right)\left(\cos\frac x2+\sin\frac x2\right)}=\frac{\cos^2\frac x2-\sin^2\frac x2}{1+2\sin\frac x2\cos\frac x2}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{\cos x}{1+\sin x}=\frac1{\sec x+\tan x}=\sec x-\tan x$

Answer 4

This appears to be different from the previous substitutions, and perhaps a little more intuitive and showing more intermediate steps (e.g. we could have skipped straight to $(3)$ using $w=(\sec(x)-\tan(x))^2$). $$ \begin{align} &\int\frac{\sec^2(x)\,\mathrm{d}x}{(\sec(x)+\tan(x))^{5/2}}\\ &=\int\frac{\cos(x)^{-1/2}\,\mathrm{d}\sin(x)}{(1+\sin(x))^{5/2}}\\ &=\int\frac{(1-u^2)^{-1/4}\,\mathrm{d}u}{(1+u)^{5/2}}\tag{1}\\ &=\int\frac{(1-u)^{-1/4}\,\mathrm{d}u}{(1+u)^{11/4}}\\ &=\int(1-2v)^{-1/4}(1-v)\,\mathrm{d}v\tag{2}\\ &=-\frac14\int w^{-1/4}(1+w)\mathrm{d}w\tag{3}\\ &=-\frac13w^{3/4}-\frac17w^{7/4}+C\\ &=-\frac13\left(\sec(x)-\tan(x)\right)^{3/2} -\frac17\left(\sec(x)-\tan(x)\right)^{7/2}+C\tag{4} \end{align} $$ $(1)$: $u=\sin(x)\vphantom{\left(\frac12\right)}$
$(2)$: $u=\frac{v}{1-v}\quad \mathrm{d}u=\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{(1-v)^2}\quad 1+u=\frac1{1-v}\quad 1-u=\frac{1-2v}{1-v}$
$(3)$: $1-2v=w\quad 1-v=\frac{1+w}{2}\quad \mathrm{d}v=-\frac12\mathrm{d}w$
$(4)$: $w=\frac{1-\sin(x)}{1+\sin(x)}=\left(\frac{1-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}\right)^2=(\sec(x)-\tan(x))^2$

Answer 5

Let $t=\ln\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)$.

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$t=\ln\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)$

$dt=\sec x\ dx$

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$t=\ln\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)\Rightarrow e^t=\sec x+\tan x\Rightarrow e^t=\frac{1+\sin x}{\cos x}\Rightarrow e^t\cos x=1+\sin x\Rightarrow e^t\cos x-1=\sin x\Rightarrow\left(e^t\cos x-1\right)^2=\sin^2x\Rightarrow e^{2t}\cos^2x-2e^t\cos x+1=1-\cos^2x\Rightarrow\left(e^{2t}+1\right)\cos^2x-2e^t\cos x=0\Rightarrow\left(e^{2t}+1\right)\cos x-2e^t=0\Rightarrow\left(e^{2t}+1\right)\cos x=2e^t\Rightarrow\cos x=\frac{2e^t}{e^{2t}+1}\Rightarrow\sec x=\frac{e^{2t}+1}{2e^t}\Rightarrow\sec x=\frac{e^t+e^{-t}}{2}\Rightarrow\sec x=\cosh t\ \text{&}\ \sinh t=\tan x$

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$\int\frac{\sec^2x}{\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)^\frac{5}{2}}dx\Rightarrow\int\frac{\sec x}{\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)^\frac{5}{2}}\times \sec x\ dx\Rightarrow\int e^{-\frac{5}{2}t}\cosh t\ dt\Rightarrow-\frac{4}{21}\left[e^{-\frac{5}{2}t}\sinh t+\frac{5}{2}e^{-\frac{5}{2}t}\cosh t\right]+c\Rightarrow\int\frac{\sec^2x}{\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)^\frac{5}{2}}dx=-\frac{4}{21}\left[\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)^{-\frac{5}{2}}\tan x+\frac{5}{2}\left(\sec x+\tan x\right)^{-\frac{5}{2}}\sec x\right]+c$

Answer 6

Take $t=\sec(x)-\tan(x)$; so; $$1/t=\sec(x)+\tan(x)$$ $$(1/t-t)/2=\tan(x)$$ $$(-1/t^2-1)/2 \,dt=\sec^2(x)dx\,$$ Now just substitute & answer will come