The answer is no. For example take the function: $f(x)=x^2+x$. $f(0)=0,f'(x)=2x+1 \Rightarrow f'(0)=1$, however $\text{exp}_0(v)=v$, so $f(\text{exp}_0(v))=f(v)=v^2+v \neq v = \text{exp}_0(v)$.
Note:
Any Riemannian isometry whose domain is a connected manifold, is determined by its value and its differential at a single point.
So, if you assume $f$ is an isometry, then it follows that $f=Id$, so the claim is true.
This is proved for instance in Do-carmo's book "Riemannian Geometry".
(see pg 163 lemma 4.2).