I recently read a book about infinity, which introduced the basic notions of different kinds of infinity. I'm a total layman concerning this topic, and one question fascinated me:
Can we, in some sense, define: $$ \aleph_{\infty}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\aleph_n $$ Such that there exists a set whose cardinal is $\aleph_{\infty}$, i.e. whose cardinality is infinitely infinite?
There are two senses of "infinite number" in play here: ordinal and cardinal. Roughly, cardinal numbers count "how many," and ordinals count "which step in a progression." The $\aleph$-numbers are cardinals. By counting $\aleph_0$, $\aleph_1$, $\aleph_2$, etc., we can see that the subscripts are ordinals, however. Just like the $\aleph$ numbers give us our infinite cardinals, we have infinite ordinals, also. If we count $0,1,2,\ldots$, there is an infinite ordinal that comes "next" after all those natural numbers; we call it $\omega$. You can keep going, and get $\omega + 1,\omega + 2,\omega+3,\ldots,\omega+\omega$, etc. The $\aleph$ numbers keep going in this same sense: after $\aleph_0,\aleph_1,\aleph_2,\ldots$, we get $\aleph_\omega,\aleph_{\omega+1},\aleph_{\omega+2},\ldots,\aleph_{\omega+\omega}$, and on and on.
$\aleph_0$ is the cardinality of the set of finite ordinal numbers $0,1,2,3,4,\ldots$,
$\aleph_1$ is the cardinality of the set of all ordinal numbers of cardinality $\le\aleph_0$.
$\aleph_2$ is the cardinality of the set of all ordinal numbers of cardinality $\le\aleph_1$.
$\aleph_3$ is the cardinality of the set of all ordinal numbers of cardinality $\le\aleph_2$.
and so on.
$\aleph_\omega$ is the cardinality of the set of all ordinals of cardinality $\aleph_n$ for some $n$. This is the smallest cardinal number $\ge\aleph_n$ for every finite ordinal number $n$. $\omega$ is the smallest infinite ordinal number.
Short Answer: It does make sense, but I will adjust your notation (notice $\aleph_0\subseteq\aleph_1\cdots\subseteq\aleph_n$) $$ \aleph_\infty\overset{\mathrm{def}}{=}\lim_{n\to \infty}\aleph_n=\bigcup_{n=0}^\infty\aleph_n\overset{?}{=}\aleph_\omega $$ The ? will be addressed in the long answer. The cardinality is $\aleph_\omega $.
Long Answer:
Prerequisite(s): ordinal numbers, well-formed formulas
Theorem (Transfinite Recursion): For each formula $\phi(x,y)$, if for each $x$, there exists a unique $y$ such that $\phi(x,y)$ holds, then there exists a formula $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ such that for each ordinal $\alpha$, there exists a unique $z$ such that $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ holds, and for each ordinal $\alpha$ and for each function $f$ such that $$\mathrm{domain}(f)=\alpha\qquad\text{and}\qquad \Phi(\beta,f(\beta))$$ for every $\beta\in\alpha$ and for each $z$, $$\phi(f,z)$$ if and only if $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ holds.
Definition Let $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ be a formula such that for each ordinal $\alpha$, there exists a unique $z$ such that $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ holds, and for each ordinal $\alpha$ and for each function $f$ such that $$\mathrm{domain}(f)=\alpha\qquad\text{and}\qquad\Phi(\beta,f(\beta))$$ for every $\beta\in\alpha$ and for each $z$, $$\text{$z$ is the least infinite cardinal strictly greater than every element of $\mathrm{range}(f)$}$$ if and only if $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ holds. Let $\alpha$ be an ordinal. Aleph number-$\alpha$ (or aleph-$\alpha$) is $z$ such that $\Phi(\alpha,z)$ holds.
Notation Let $\alpha$ be an ordinal. "$\aleph_\alpha$" is notation for "aleph-$\alpha$."
Remark
"Infinitely infinite" is a fairly vague/ill-defined term.
I hope this answers your question somehow:
You have an infinitude of cardinal numbers, this fact is given singlehandedly by Cantor's theorem:
Consider the set $\Bbb N$, whose cardinality is $\aleph_0$. Now, by Cantor's theorem $|\Bbb N|=\aleph_0<2^{\aleph_0}= P(\Bbb N)$.
Now consider the sequence $$A_0=\Bbb N \\ A_n=P(A_{n-1})$$
You can check that every set has cardinality strictly bigger than the one before.
