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Show a metric space X is connected iff \forall non-empty proper subset A \subset X the boundary (set of points in X whose neighborhoods contain points from both A and the complement) is non-empty.

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If $X$ is disconnected, so $X = A \cup B$ where $A$ and $B$ are disjoint non-empty closed (and open) subsets. What is $\operatorname{Bd}(A)$?

Suppose $A$ is non-empty and suppose $\operatorname{Bd}(A) = \emptyset$; as the boundary of $A$ is the difference between closure and interior of $A$, we have that these coincide and so $A$ is clopen. So $X = A \cup \ldots $ proves $X$ is disconnected.

Henno Brandsma
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