I have proved that for each positive real number we can find an $n \times n$ diagonal matrix with each diagonal entries $r^{1/n}$ such $\det A=r.$ But how to prove for negative real numbers?
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3Just use $|r|^{1/n}$ and change the sign of one diagonal entry. – Brian M. Scott Mar 24 '16 at 15:04
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9Concerning your title question: even easier is to take the diagonal matrix $(1,1,1,\ldots, r)$. No need to take $n$-th roots. – Dietrich Burde Mar 24 '16 at 15:07