Example: Let <· be the relation on integers defined by x <· y if x + 1 = y.
• The transitive closure of <· is <.
• The reflexive and transitive closure of <· is ≤.
What do the dots mean next to the greater than and less than symbols?
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2It's just defined in the very first sentence. "$< \cdot$" is just any symbol, like $R$ could be. – Crostul Aug 10 '16 at 18:19
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Those dots are just what the writer of the problem chose to decorate the $<$ symbol with when defining his relation. They have no general meaning.
Ethan Bolker
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@user3768911 You're welcome. No need ever to feel stupid. Many math questions look easy once you know the answer ... – Ethan Bolker Aug 10 '16 at 18:24