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Let $C(x)$ be the set of all Cauchy seq. on $X$ and define for $(x_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}, (y_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ the following relation

$$ (x_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \sim (y_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \Leftrightarrow d_X(x_n, y_n) \to 0 \text{ when } n \to \infty $$

Let $$ \hat{X} = C(X)/\sim, \\ d_{\hat{X}}([(x_n)], [(y_n)]) = \lim_{n \to \infty} d(x_n, y_n) $$

Show that $\hat{X}$ is complete

Let $(\gamma_m)_{m \in \mathbb{N}}$ be a Cauchy seq. in $\hat{X}$ i.e $\gamma_m = ([(x_n)]_m)$. How can I show that there exists $[(x_n)] \in \hat{X}$ such that for $m> n_0 \in \mathbb{N}$ $d_{\hat{X}}([(x_n)]_m, [(x_n)]) < \epsilon, \ \forall \epsilon$?

Olba12
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2 Answers2

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In order to avoid confusion, I will denote by $x^m$ the $m$th sequence and $x^m_n$ will be the $n$th element of the $m$th sequence: $x^m=(x^m_1,x^m_2,x^m_3,\ldots)$. We need a Cauchy sequence $y=(y_1,y_2,\ldots)$ such that $d(x^n,y)\to0$.

The idea is to take a kind of diagonal: one element from each sequence, $y_1\in x^1$, $y_2\in x^2$, ... .

$\bullet$ Construction of the sequence $y$:

For every $n$, the sequence $x^n$ is Cauchy, so there exists some index $k_n$ such that $|x^n_i-x^n_{k_n}|<\frac1n$ for all $i\ge k_n$. Now choose $y_n=x^n_{n_k}$.

$\bullet$ Proof that $y$ is Cauchy: Take an arbitrary $\varepsilon>0$.

The sequence $x^1,x^2,\ldots$ is Cauchy in $\hat{X}$, so there is some $N$ such that $d(x^n,x^m)<\frac\varepsilon3$ for all $m,n\ge N$. Consider two arbitrary indices $m,n$ with $m,n>\max(N,\frac3\varepsilon)$. Since $\lim\limits_{i\to\infty}|x^n_i-x^m_i|=d(x^n,x^m)<\frac\varepsilon3$, there is some index $I$ such that $|x^n_i-x^m_i|<\frac\varepsilon3$ for $i\ge I$.

By the definition of $k_n$, for all $i\ge k_n$ we have $|x^n_i-y_n|=|x^n_i-x^n_{k_n}|<\frac1n<\frac\varepsilon3$. Similarly, $|x^m_i-y_m|<\frac\varepsilon3$ holds for all $i\ge k_m$.

Hence, with $i=\max(I,k_m,k_n)$ we have $$ |y_n-y_m| \le |y_n-x^n_i| + |x^n_i-x^m_i| + |x^m_i-y_m| < \frac\varepsilon3+\frac\varepsilon3+\frac\varepsilon3 = \varepsilon. $$

Therefore, for $m,n>\max(N,\frac3\varepsilon)$ we have $|y_n-y_m| < \varepsilon$.

$\bullet$ Proof that $d(x^n,y)\to0$: Again, fix some arbitrary $\varepsilon>0$.

The sequence $y$ is Cauchy, so there is an index $I$ such that $|y_i-y_j|<\frac\varepsilon3$ for all $i,j\ge I$.

Consider an arbitrary index $n\ge\max(\frac3\varepsilon,I)$. For $i\le \max(n,I)$ we have $$ |x^n_i-y_i| \le |x^n_i-y_n| + |y_n-y_i| = |x^n_i-x^n_{k_n}| + |y_n-y_i| < \frac1n + \frac\varepsilon3 < \frac23\varepsilon. $$ From $i\to\infty$ we get $$ d(x^n,y) \le \frac23\varepsilon<\varepsilon. $$ Therefore, for $n\ge\max(\frac3\varepsilon,I)$ we have $d(x^n,y) \le \frac23\varepsilon<\varepsilon$.

G.Kós
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  • Sorry to bother you 6 years after you posted this answer, but could you clarify which metric your absolute values stand for: $d_X$ or $d_{\hat{X}}$? And is the generic metric $d$ you use actually $d_X$? – Trisztan Feb 11 '23 at 23:10
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I'll assume you already proved the metric is well defined, indeed a metric, and that $X$ is dense in $\hat{X}$. Now, when you take the Cauchy sequence of points in $\hat{X}$, remember that not all the terms in it are in $X$. So choose seqeunces $(x_{nk})_{k\in \mathbb{N}}$ (of points in $X$) such that either $[(x_{nk})_{k\in \mathbb{N}}]=\hat{x}_n=$ or, if $\hat{x_n}\in X$, then choose $x_{nk}=\hat{x}_n$. Then, for a suitable choice of naturals $k_1 <k_2<\dotsc$, the sequence $(x_{nk_{n}})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is Cauchy in $X$ and $(\hat{x}_n)$ will converge to its limit in $\hat{X}$.

Let me know if you'd like me to expand some details.

Nap D. Lover
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    I do not understand why "not all the terms in it are in $X$". I do not follow your notation, the OP already has the notation $\gamma_m = ([(x_n)]_m)$, why do we need to introduce different notation? The "suitable choice" sounds a bit wanting explanation. – Mirko Nov 29 '16 at 19:23