How can I find the length of segment a, given the length of segment b, and given that the angle between a and b is x?
Alternatively, how can I find the length of segment a, given r and angle y?
OBS: segments r and b are perpendicular.
(a) You cannot find $a$ with only $b$ and $x$ given. There are infinitely many possible figures can be drawn.
(a) You cannot find $a$ with only $y$ and $r$ given. Again, there are infinitely many possible figures can be drawn.
For the second problem -- given $y$, $r$, $b$, and $r$ and $b$ perpendicular, find the length of segment $a$ -- there is no solution. In particular, there may be two different lengths $a$ that satisfy the question asked, as in the following diagram, where both $u$ and $v$ are possible solutions:
