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Let $\phi: M_n (\mathbb C) \rightarrow M_n (\mathbb C)$ be a given map of which we know that it is of the form $A \mapsto U^* AU$ where $U \in M_n (\mathbb C)$ is a unitary. I guess the unitary $U$ will be unique up to multiplication with elements of the circle $\mathbb T \subseteq \mathbb C$. Is there an algorithm to find out how $U$ has to look like for a certain $\phi$?

worldreporter
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  • There's a bit more to it than multiplication by elements of $\Bbb T$. For instance, every unitary of the form $$ U = \pmatrix{a & 0\0&b} $$ such that $a \neq b$ will produce the same map $\phi$. – Ben Grossmann Jul 01 '18 at 21:35
  • It is notable that the map $A \mapsto U^*AU - A$ gives you a lot of information about $\phi$, but I am not sure if this alone is enough to completely determine the map $\phi$. – Ben Grossmann Jul 01 '18 at 21:36
  • @Omnomnomnom No, they don't. $$\pmatrix{a & 0\cr 0 & b}^* \pmatrix{0 & 1\cr 0 & 0\cr} \pmatrix{a & 0\cr 0 & b} = \pmatrix{0 & \overline{a} b\cr 0 & 0\cr}$$ – Robert Israel Jul 01 '18 at 22:04
  • @RobertIsrael just realized that before you commented. In any case, thanks for the correction – Ben Grossmann Jul 01 '18 at 22:06

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We can extract all the information we need from $\phi$ by plugging in matrices of the form $E_{jk} = e_je_k^*$ (the matrix with a $1$ in the $j,k$ entry and zeros everywhere else). We can construct a suitable $U$ as follows:

If $v_1,\dots,v_n$ denote the columns of $U^*$, then we find $$ \phi(E_{ij}) = U^*e_je_k^*U = v_jv_k^* $$ With that in mind, proceed as follows: for $j = 1,\dots,n$, compute $\phi(E_{jj}) = v_jv_j^*$. The matrix $\phi(E_{jj})$ has at least one non-zero column; normalize this column to produce $v_j$. With that, we now have $n$ vectors $v_1,\dots,v_n$, and taking the matrix $U$ such that the columns of $U^*$ are $v_1,\dots,v_n$ will almost give us a $U$ which induces the transformation $\phi$.

From there, we need to multiply each $v_j$ by a suitable scalar. In particular, it is necessary that the $v_j$ satisfy $\phi(E_{ij})(p,q) = v_i(p)\overline{v_j(q)}$.

That is, we could apply the following steps:

  • Find a non-zero column of $\phi(E_{11})$; normalize it to produce $v_1$
  • For $j = 2,\dots,n$:
    • Find a non-zero column of $\phi(E_{1j})$; set it equal to $v_j$
    • Find a non-zero entry of the matrix $\phi(E_{1j})$, say it's the $p,q$ entry.
    • Multiply $v_j$ by a constant in order to ensure that $$ [\phi(E_{1j})](p,q) = v_1(p)v_j(q) $$

Notably, we find that if $U$ and $V$ are unitary matrices which induce the same map, then $$ U^*AU = V^*AV \qquad \text{for all }A \iff\\ AUV^* = UV^*A \qquad \text{for all }A $$ which implies that $UV^*$ is a multiple of the identity. That is, $U$ and $V$ will induce the same map $\phi$ if and only if $UV^* = \omega I$ for some $\omega \in \Bbb T$. So, we must have $U = \omega V$ for some $\omega \in \Bbb T$.

Ben Grossmann
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