The proof that the preimage of a prime ideal $P \subset S$ under say the ring homomorphism $\phi: R \rightarrow S$ is prime is straightforward. However, it only seems to show that if $xy \in \phi^{-1}(P)$ then $x$ or $y \in \phi^{-1}(P).$ Shouldn't it also show that $\phi^{-1}(P) \neq R$ as part of the definition of prime ideal is that the ideal is not the entire ring? I'm assuming that the conventional proof disregards this part of the definition...
For example, $\phi^{-1}(5Z)$ under the map $\phi: 5Z \rightarrow Z$ is the entire ring $5Z.$