The answer to your question is that it is possible, but its not as simple as the formula you proposed.
Here is the correct calculation :
$$ \begin{vmatrix} a + x & b + y & c + z \\\ p + d & q + e & r + f \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} $$
$$= \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ p + d & q + e & r + f \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ p + d & q + e & r + f \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} $$
$$= \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ d & e & f \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ p & q & r \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ d & e & f \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ p & q & r \\\ s + h & t + i & u + j \end{vmatrix} $$
$$= \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ d & e & f \\\ s & t & u \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ d & e & f \\\ h & i & j \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ p & q & r \\\ s & t & u \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\\ p & q & r \\\ h & i & j \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ d & e & f \\\ s & t & u \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ d & e & f \\\ h & i & j \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ p & q & r \\\ s & t & u \end{vmatrix}
+ \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\\ p & q & r \\\ h & i & j \end{vmatrix}
$$