The characteristic of a field $K$ is the minimum number of $1_K$s which, when added together, yield $0$:
$\underset{\text{char} K \text{times}} {\displaystyle \sum 1_K} = 0; \tag 1$
by virtue of the fact that $K$ is a field,
$\text{char} K = q \tag 2$
for some prime
$q \in \Bbb P; \tag 3$
for if not, we may write
$q = rs, \; 2 \le r, s < q, \tag 4$
and by grouping the $q = \text{char} K$ $1_K$s under the summation sign in (1) into $r$ subgroups of $s$ $1K$s each, we find that
$rs = \text{char} K = q = 0 \tag 5$
in $K$; but neither
$r, s = 0 \tag 6$
in $K$, whence, since $K$ is a field
$0 \ne rs \in K; \tag 7$
the contradiction 'twixt (5) and (7) forces the conclusions that $q$ is indeed prime, and thus that $1_K$ generates via sucessive addition a $q$-element subfield $F_q$ of $K$; now $K$ being finite it is a vector space over $F_q$ with
$\exists m \in \Bbb N, \; \dim_{F_q} K = m, \tag 8$
whence
$\vert K \vert = q^m; \tag 9$
but we are given that
$\vert K \vert = p^n, \tag{10}$
from which
$q^m = p^n; \tag{11}$
from this we infer that
$q = p, \; m = n; \tag{12}$
that is,
$\text{char} K = p. \tag{13}$
$OE\Delta$.