WLOG, $x_0=0$ because you can shift all abscissas.
The interpolation can be written
$$\begin{vmatrix}y&x^2&x&1\\y_2&x_2^2&x_2&1\\y_1&x_1^2&x_1&1\\y_0&0&0&1\end{vmatrix}=0,$$
You find the roots by setting $y=0$,
$$\begin{vmatrix}0&x^2&x&1\\y_2&x_2^2&x_2&1\\y_1&x_1^2&x_1&1\\y_0&0&0&1\end{vmatrix}=0.$$
This expands in a quadratic polynomial, the coefficients of which are three cofactors of the matrix.
$$-
\begin{vmatrix}y_2&x_2&1\\y_1&x_1&1\\y_0&0&1\end{vmatrix}x^2+
\begin{vmatrix}y_2&x_2^2&1\\y_1&x_1^2&1\\y_0&0&1\end{vmatrix}x-
\begin{vmatrix}y_2&x_2^2&x_2\\y_1&x_1^2&x_1\\y_0&0&0\end{vmatrix}=0,$$
$$-
\begin{vmatrix}y_2-y_0&x_2-x_0\\y_1-y_0&x_1-x_0\end{vmatrix}x^2+
\begin{vmatrix}y_2-y_0&x_2^2-x_0^2\\y_1-y_0&x_1^2-x_0^2\end{vmatrix}x-
\begin{vmatrix}x_2^2&x_2\\x_1^2&x_1\end{vmatrix}y_0=0.$$