In general, if $G$, $H$ are groups, there does not exist an isomorphism between them.
However, maybe you are looking for the word characteristic.
A characteristic thingie is such that it is unchanged under automorphisms.
For example
- the identity element of a group,
- the center of a group,
- the set of elements of even order
are characteristic (elements, subgroups, subsets) of $G$.
On the other hand, e.g. $p$-Sylow groups are in general not characteristic (because there can be several, i.e. there is not "the" Sylow group).
A graph is vertex transitive if and only if its vertices are pairwise in the orbit of one another under the operation of the automorphism group(!?)
In a way, looking at the operation of the automorphism group on (elements, subgroups, ...) of $G$, characteristic (elements, subgroups, ...) are those having one-point orbits.