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I have been researching about Vincenty's formula for my new programme but through many books I didn't find any explanation about the upper case A, upper case B and u square . Does someone knows what are there meaning?

I have read the https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/inverse.pdf and https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong-vincenty.html but none of them explain what is upper A, upper B and u square, and where are they from. Thanks

Claivering Ring
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  • As far as I see T. Vincenty definites on p. 88, 89, $a,b$ as the major and minor semiaxes of the ellipsoid, $\alpha$ as the azimuth of the geodesic at the equator, and $A,B,u^2$ are just abbreviations of expressions using those variables. – Kurt G. Apr 05 '22 at 13:35
  • I am doing a mini research and my teacher told to explain their meaning. So I just write that A and B is a and b abbreviation? And u^2 is alfa abbreviation? Because I don't why it needs to put in such equation. Thank you – Claivering Ring Apr 05 '22 at 15:49
  • Vincenty doesn't say it and I don't know. – Kurt G. Apr 05 '22 at 17:53
  • Vincenty says "The recomended direct and inverse solution were developed from Rainsford's inverse formula [3]. The direct solution was obtained by reversing the inverse, using the approach of Rapp [4]." Have you investigated those references? They probably explain where the formulas come from. – Jacob Manaker Apr 05 '22 at 22:14

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