Let $\hat{\mathbb{C}}$ be the extended complex plane, $G\subset\mathbb{C}$ be a proper open connected subset. Assume $\hat{\mathbb{C}}-G$ is connected. Show that an analytic function $f:G\to G$ which is not identity must have at most one fixed point.
I proved this as follows. First the assumption on connectedness of $\hat{\mathbb{C}}-G$ shows that $G$ is simply connected. Then use Riemann mapping theorem to reduce the problem to the case when $G$ is the unit disk, which can be solved using Schwartz lemma.
Since this is a qual exam problem and Riemann mapping theorem is not listed in the syllabus, I think it can be proved in a more elementary way without using Riemann mapping theorem. Is there such a proof?
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jlidm
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found some links: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3301101/analytic-function-with-only-one-fixed-point-in-the-unit-disk https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1582821/analytic-map-with-two-fixed-points-on-a-simply-connected-domain-is-the-identity It seems RMT is necessary here – onRiv Jun 02 '22 at 13:30