If $$8x + 7 \equiv 3 \pmod {35}$$ this means that $8x + 7$ leaves a remainder of $3$ when divided by $35$; i.e., $$8x + 7 = 35q + 3$$ for some integer $q$ (which is called the quotient). This gives us $$35q = 8x + 4 = 4(2x+1).$$ Since $4$ does not divide $35$, it must divide $q$. So suppose $q = 4m$; we get
$$35m = 2x+1.$$
What is the largest $x < 0$ that satisfies this equation for integers $m$? well, the largest $m$ such that $35m$ is a negative integer is $m = -1$; hence $2x + 1 = -35$ or $$x = -18.$$
We can also characterize the full set of $x$ that satisfies the original congruence: we have $$x \in \{\ldots, -88, -53, -18, 17, 52, 87, \ldots \}.$$ That is, $x = 35m + 17$ for any integer $m$.