I am asking for clarification regarding expressions such as in here:
start with the left-multiplication map $\phi(x)=gx$ and compute its differential $d\phi(x, dx)=gdx$ which is the push-forward map of the vector $dx\in T_xG$ to $T_{gx}G$.
or here:
an assignment of a linear map to each point $x\in M$ which maps small deviations $dx \in TM_{x}$ to deviations $dy\in TN_{\varphi(x)}$ in a linear way.
Both quotes seem to be referring to the pushforward ('differential'). However, the notation $dx$ is used and explicitly said to be in the tangent space of the manifold $G$, as opposed to $\frac \partial {\partial x}$ or $\partial x$ (derivation notation). This is confusing in that $dx$ I believe is used for differential forms, not vectors. Vectors are pushed forward, and differential forms pulled back.
The notation above is likely correct, but I am missing or misunderstanding part of the story. It could also be equivalent, or part of some flexibility in expressing the same concept. I don't know.