At the beginning of Proposition 3.4.4 in Caruso's An introduction to $p$-adic period rings, it is simply stated that because $A_{\mu_0}$ is the $p$-adic completion of $A_{\inf}[\frac t p]$, it follows that $A_{\mu_0} \subset A_{\inf} + \frac t p A_{\mu_0}$. I do not seem to be able to prove this, although it "feels" right and forms the foundation of the later arguments. I suspect that it is a general but somewhat obscure result.
So let $A \subset B$ be a ring extension and $x \in B$ such that $B = \widehat{A[x]}$ and $\widehat A = A$. Does it follow that $B = A + xB$?
This notably amounts to showing that $A + xB$ is closed. However, the usual methods for this fail me in the above example: $A \cap xB$ is non-trivial; neither summand is an algebra over any field; and while $A$ and $xB$ are both closed, neither of them is compact.