I'm trying to learn more about this such as methods for finding solutions, what it's useful for, etc. but I am not sure what it is called to be searching for to begin with.
What is it called when we have an equation typically with division or powers and roots or whatnot which makes most of the range not whole numbers or not map neatly from whole number to whole numbers, and we are only interested in (finding) the solutions which are whole numbers?