This is a variation from my personal favorite 'A Concise Introduction to Pure Mathematics' by M. Liebeck (Chapter 3, Exercise 4).
Without using a calculator, find the cube root of 2, correct to two decimal places. This is how I work. (Only odd numbered exercises have either hints or solutions.)
Let $\sqrt[3]{2}=a_0{.}a_1a_2a_3\ldots$. First, since $1^3=1$ and $2^3=8$, $\sqrt[3]{2}$ lies between 1 and 2, and hence $a_0=1$. Next, $1{.}2^3=1{.}728$ and $1{.3}^3=2{.}197$, so $a_1=2$. Likewise, $1{.}25^3\approx 1{.}953$ and $1{.3}^3>2$, so $a_2=5$. Hence, a decimal representation of $\sqrt[3]{2}$ is $1.25$.
I am sure that there are better ways than above method always in the confines of number theory (no root finding algorithms). Thanks a lot for any help!