I'm in the process of implementing a decoder, and I found this formula in the official specification:

In context, X and Y can be interpreted as either two integers, or two arrays of integers (byte arrays). But I have no idea what the binary "star" operator means.
At first I thought it was just multiplication, but that makes no sense in context. So, I Googled around for some other mathematical uses of this star/asterisk operator, and found it can be used to mean "free product", but that seems to pertain to group theory and it's hard to see how 40 can be interpreted as a group.
So what is this operator? (The document where I found the operator is http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.690-0207.pdf section 8.19.4)
Xsymbol to mean multiplication elsewhere, and if it is multiplication there's no need for those parentheses. Also, I can't see how multiplication would produce a sensible result – Channel72 Aug 14 '13 at 14:44