A is a DVR,

Could anyone help me to explain these statements? I have no idea how to get these conclusions.
A is a DVR,

Could anyone help me to explain these statements? I have no idea how to get these conclusions.
There are lots of statements here (I count five); it's not clear which ones you want explanations for. Nevertheless let me try to answer:
"there is a least integer $k$...": by the Least Integer Principle.
"It follows that $\mathfrak{a}$ contains...": if $v(y) \geq k$, then $v(y/x) \geq 0$, so $y/x \in A$. Therefore $y = (y/x)x$ belongs to $\mathfrak{a}$.
"therefore the only ideals in $A$ are...": the previous step showed that $\mathfrak{m}_k \subseteq \mathfrak{a}$, but by definition of the number $k$, we also have $\mathfrak{a} \subseteq \mathfrak{m}_k$, so in fact $\mathfrak{a} = \mathfrak{m}_k$.
"These form a single chain...": just look at the definition of $\mathfrak{m}_k$.
"Therefore $A$ is Noetherian...": by the Ascending Chain Condition characterisation of Noetherian rings.