As you already can see from the comments your ring is isomorphic to a direct product via CRT.
Since you asked for a decomposition of the ring as a direct product of localizations I'd like to add few things:
$R=\mathbb R[x]/(x^5+x^3)$ has exactly two prime ideals, $(x)$ and $(x^2+1)$, and therefore two localizations.
We have $R_{(x)}\simeq \mathbb R[x]_{(x)}/(x^5+x^3)\mathbb R[x]_{(x)}$ and since $(x^5+x^3)\mathbb R[x]_{(x)}=x^3\mathbb R[x]_{(x)}$ we get $R_{(x)}\simeq\mathbb R[x]_{(x)}/x^3\mathbb R[x]_{(x)}\simeq (\mathbb R[x]/x^3\mathbb R[x])_{(x)}$. But $\mathbb R[x]/x^3\mathbb R[x]$ is in fact a local ring whose maximal ideal is $(x)$, so $(\mathbb R[x]/x^3\mathbb R[x])_{(x)}=\mathbb R[x]/(x^3)$.
Analogously we get $R_{(x^2+1)}\simeq \mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$.
Now we can write $R\simeq R_{(x)}\times R_{(x^2+1)}$.