I don't want to leave this unanswered, so I will answer my own question.
Note that the left side is in fact a convolution:
$$\left( f \star \frac{1}{1+x^2} \right)(x)=\int_{\mathbb R}f(x)\cdot \frac{1}{1+(x-t)^2} dt $$
Thus $\left( f \star \frac{1}{1+x^2} \right)(x)=\frac{\sin x}{x}$ and therefore $\widehat{f}\cdot \widehat{\frac{1}{1+x^2}}=\widehat{\frac{\sin x}{x}}$.
We know (standard calculation) that $\widehat{\frac{1}{1+x^2}}(\omega)=\pi \cdot e^{-|\omega|}$ and $\widehat{\frac{\sin x}{x}}(\omega)=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\pi & |\omega| \leq 1 \\
0 & |\omega|>1
\end{array}
\right.$
Therefore $\widehat{f}(\omega) =
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
e^{|\omega|} &|\omega| \leq 1 \\
0 & |\omega| > 1
\end{array}
\right.$. Using inverse Fourier transform we get $$f(x)=\frac{-1}{\pi(1+x^2)}\left(1+e\cdot(i+x)\cdot \sin(x) \right) .$$