G\"ortz and Wedhorn, in their book ``Algebraic Geometry I'' at page 84, give the following definitions. Let $(X, \mathscr{O}_X)$ be a scheme.
(1) A closed subscheme of $X$ is given by a closed subset $Z \subseteq X$ (let $i : Z \longrightarrow X$ be the inclusion) and a sheaf $\mathscr{O}_Z$ on $Z$, such that $(Z, \mathscr{O}_Z)$ is a scheme, and such that the sheaf $i_*\mathscr{O}_Z$ is isomorphic to $\mathscr{O}_X/\mathscr{J}$ for a sheaf of ideals $\mathscr{J} \subseteq \mathscr{O}_X$.
(2) A morphism $i : Z \longrightarrow X$ of schemes is called a closed immersion, if the underlying continuous map is a homeomorphism between $Z$ and a closed subset of $X$, and the sheaf homomorphism $i^\flat : \mathscr{O}_X \longrightarrow i_*\mathscr{O}_Z$ is surjective.
Then they wrote~: if $Z \subseteq X$ is closed subscheme as in (1), then the morphism $(i, i^\flat)$ is a closed immersion.
I think that the morphism $i^\flat$ is the composition of $\mathscr{O}_X \longrightarrow \mathscr{O}_X/\mathscr{J}$ and the isomorphism $\mathscr{O}_X/\mathscr{J} \simeq i_*\mathscr{O}_Z$. But, I don't see why $(i, i^\flat)$ is a morphism of schemes.