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Let $(S,d)$ be a metric space and $X$ be a normed space. Show that if $f:S\to X$ is a function such that for all $L\in X^*$, $L\circ f:S\to {\Bbb F}$ is lipschitz(there is a constant $M>0$ such that for all $s,t\in S$, $||f(t)-f(s)||\leq Md(s,t)$ ) , then $f:S\to X$ is a lipschitz function.

My effort is in this way: for every $s\in S$, define $T_s:X^*\to {\Bbb C}$ such that $T_s(L):=L(f(s))$. clearly $T_s\in X^{**}$ and also $||T_s||=||f(s)||$. Now $$\begin{align*}||f(s)-f(t)||=||T_s-T_t||&=\sup_{L\in X^*_{||.||\leq 1}}|T_s(L)-T_t(L)|\\&= \sup_{L\in X^*_{||.||\leq 1}}|L(f(s))-L(f(t))|\leq Md(s,t)\end{align*}$$ While I donot use PUB in this proof, I think my proof is not correct. Please help me. Thanks so much.

cqfd
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nika
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1 Answers1

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Considering this post pushed me in the right direction for solving this exact problem for an assignment, I figured I should share my solution for any future students with the same problem. Assume all vector spaces are over the scalar field $\mathbb F$.

For every $(s,t)\in S\times S$ choose $\psi_{s,t}:X^*\to \mathbb F$ such that $$\psi_{s,t}(\phi)=\begin{cases} \frac{\phi(f(s)-f(t))}{d(s,t)} & s\neq t \\ 0 & s=t \end{cases}$$ for each $\phi \in X^*$. I leave it to the reader to prove that each $\psi_{s,t}\in X^{**}$.

I claim that for each $\phi \in X^*$ the set $\{\psi_{s,t}(\phi):(s,t)\in S\times S\}$ is bounded. To prove this fix some $\phi \in X^*$. For all $s\in M$ it is trivial to see that $|\psi_{s,s}(\phi)|=0$. Now, for any $\psi_{s,t}$ such that $s\neq t$, \begin{align*} |\psi_{s,t}(\phi)|& = \left|\frac{\phi(f(s)-f(t))}{d(s,t)}\right| \\ % & = \left|\frac{\phi(f(s))-\phi(f(t))}{d(s,t)}\right| \\ % & \leq \frac{C_\phi d(s,t)}{d(s,t)}=C_\phi, \end{align*} where $C_\phi$ is the Lipschitz constant guaranteed by the assumption, depending only on $\phi$. Hence the claim is proved. The Principle of Uniform Boundedness thus guarantees a positive real number $K$ such that $\|\psi_{s,t}\|_{X^{**}}\leq K$ for all $(s,t)\in S\times S$ $(\dagger)$. We can use the PUB because $X^*$ is always a Banach space.

We now need a common theorem in functional analysis (see Theorem 4.3-3 in Kreyszig) that states that for any nonzero $x\in X$ there exists a $\phi \in X^*$ such that $\phi(x)=\|x\|_X$ and $\|\phi\|_{X^*}=1$.

If $f(s)=f(t)$ it is easy to see that these elements satisfy the Lipschitz condition. So if $f(s)\neq f(t)$ we get a $\phi\in X^*$ satisfying the conditions in the above theorem. This, our definition, and $(\dagger)$ give that $$\|f(s)-f(t)\|_X=|\phi(f(s)-f(t))|=d(s,t)|\psi_{s,t}(\phi)|\leq Kd(s,t).$$

K.Power
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