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Show that a matrix $A \in M(n \times n, \mathbb{C})$ is hermitian iff $v^tA\overline{v} \in \mathbb{R}$ for all $v \in \mathbb{C}^n$.

2 Answers2

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Hint: I think you need nothing more than knowing that $x=v^\intercal A\bar{v}$ is a scalar, whence $x^\intercal=x$. A number $x$ is real if $\bar{x}=x$.

EDIT: More thoroughly, $A$ is Hermitian iff $\overline{A^\intercal}=A$. Then $\overline{x}=\overline{x^\intercal}=\overline{\bar{v}^\intercal A^\intercal v}=v^\intercal\overline{A^\intercal}\bar{v}=v^\intercal A\bar{v}=x$. Hence $x$ is real.

Conversely, if $\bar{x}=x$, then $v^\intercal A\bar{v}=\bar{v}^\intercal A^\intercal v=v^\intercal \overline{A^\intercal}\bar{v}$, whence $\overline{A^\intercal}=A$ since the relation holds for all $v$.

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