I'd like to know whether there's a general condition on an operator for it to have an eigenfunction. For example, differential operator has eigenfunction $f_k (x)=e^{kx}$ , and differential operator have many properties such as linear and obeys the shift theorem. The condition I'm asking about maybe similar to these kinds of properties.
To be more specific, I'm interested in an integral operator $(Kf)(x)=∫ r(x,y)f(y)dy$ where r(x,y) is a square integratable function and f(x) is a probability density function. Thank you!