The Helmholtz decomposition of a vector field $\mathbf{F}$ is given by $\mathbf{F} = -\nabla \Phi + \nabla \times \mathbf{A}$. Wikipedia gives an explicit formula for $\Phi$ and $\mathbf{A}$. They look to be obtained from convolving the divergence and curl of $\mathbf{F}$ by the fundamental solution of the Laplacian. Why is this?
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1Haven't you noticed that Wikipedia also gave a reference for this theorem? – Golbez Aug 26 '14 at 06:00