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I'm currently having some trouble trying to test for uniform convergence of the series.

$\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{kx+2}-\frac{1}{kx+x+2}$ $0 \leq x \leq 1 $

I tried to test for uniform convergence using the Weierstrass' M test where I set my M such that $$ M_k=\frac{1}{k+2} $$ and $$\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k+2} $$

After performing a comparison test, I came to the conclusion that $\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k+2} $ has divergence.

I understand that suppose $|u_k| \leq M_k $, if $$\sum_{k=0} M_k < \infty$$ than $$\sum_{k=0} u_k $$ converges uniformly in a $\leq x \leq b$.

However, I haven't been able to find or understand, what if $$\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} M_k$$ divergence..does this imply that $$\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} u_k$$ diverges too? or is there an alternative method to prove that a series does not uniformly converge but converges?

  • So if there is $M_k \leq u_k$, and if $\sum M_k$ diverges, then $\sum u_k$ does not uniformly converge in the interval $x\in [0,1]$? –  Mar 20 '15 at 03:34
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    in that case, $\sum u_k$ does not even converge... – user160738 Mar 20 '15 at 03:43
  • There's 1 thing I'm not sure off though. Is it possible for a series to be convergent but not uniformly convergent? –  Mar 20 '15 at 03:51
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    Of course, if that was not possible then every convergent series would be uniformly convergent. Then we wouldn't need any test for uniform convergence – user160738 Mar 20 '15 at 03:54
  • One more thing is, are you sure that this series you have here is uniformly convergent? – user160738 Mar 20 '15 at 03:54
  • I'm trying to actually test the series for uniform convergence. –  Mar 20 '15 at 03:56

3 Answers3

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To clarify your confusion:

Weierstrass M-test states one and only one thing:

Given a sequence of functions $f_k(x)$ defined on $E\subseteq\mathbb{R}$, the series $\sum f_k(x)$ converges uniformly if there exists a sequnece of reals $M_k$ such that $|f_k|\le M_k$ for each $k$ and $\sum M_k$ converges.

Note here that $M_k$ must not depend on $x$. This only means that if you found such sequence $M_k$ then the series uniformly converges. It says nothing about the series if you have found some $M_k$ whose series does not converge.

In particular, this test cannot be used to prove that some series does not converge uniformly.

Now consider

$$ f_k(x)=\frac{1}{kx+2}-\frac{1}{(k+1)x+2} $$

Consider the partial sum

\begin{align*} S_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n} f_k(x)&=\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{x+2}\right)+\cdots+\left(\frac{1}{nx+2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)x+2}\right)\\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)x+2} \end{align*}

the series $\sum f_k(x)$ converges uniformly if and only if $S_n$ converges uniformly.

Now $S_n(0)=0$ for all $n$. So $S_n(0) \to 0$, and $S_n(x) \to \frac{1}{2}$ for $0<x\le 1$. So define

$$ S(x)= \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if} \quad x=0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & \text{if} \quad 0<x\le 1 \end{cases} $$

Then $S_n(x)\to S(x)$. Also, $S_n(0)-S(0)=0$ for any $n$. Now

$$ m_n:=\sup_{x\in [0,1]} |S_n-S|=\sup_{x\in (0,1]} \left\lvert -\frac{1}{(n+1)x+2} \right\rvert=\frac{1}{2} \not\to 0 $$

So $S_n$ does not converge uniformly.

user160738
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  • I don't think I fully understand what you are trying to say with the last equation. Basically, it should be that with uniform convergence, that $S_n(x)$ must be equal to 0 if $x=0$ or $\frac{1}{2}$ when 0<x<1 as n goes to infinity? –  Mar 20 '15 at 05:11
  • Yes, equivalent definition of uniform convergence of sequence of functions $S_n(x)$ is that $S_n(x)$ is uniformly convergent if and only if there is $N\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\sup |S_n(x)-S(x)|$ exists for all $n\ge N$ and limit of this supremum is equal to $0$ as $n\to \infty$. In our case supremum exists for all $n\ge 0$, however limit of the sequence of supremum $m_n$ cannot be $0$. – user160738 Mar 20 '15 at 05:19
  • Ahhhh thank you, that's starting to make so much sense. Thanks your help! –  Mar 20 '15 at 06:18
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For all $x\in(0,1)$, $$ \begin{align} \sum_{k=0}^n\left(\frac1{kx+2}-\frac1{kx+x+2}\right) &=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac1{kx+2}-\sum_{k=0}^n\frac1{kx+x+2}\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac1{kx+2}-\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}\frac1{kx+2}\\ &=\frac12-\frac1{(n+1)x+2}\tag{1} \end{align} $$ the limit is $\frac12$. However, as $x\to0$, we need $n\ge\frac{1-2\epsilon}{\epsilon x}\to\infty$ for the expression to be within $\epsilon$ of $\frac12$. Thus, the convergence is not uniform on $(0,1)$ so it cannot be uniform on $[0,1]$.

Another approach is to use the fact that a sequence of continuous functions that converge uniformly, converge to a continuous function. Equation $(1)$ shows that the sum converges to $\frac12$ on $(0,1]$ and $0$ at $0$, which is not continuous on $[0,1]$.

robjohn
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Define the parital sum as $S_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n} f_k(x)$

$$S_n(x)=\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{x+2}\right)+\cdots+\left(\frac{1}{nx+2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)x+2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)x+2}$$

First check pointwise convergence

If $x=0,~~S_n(0)=0$,

If $x\in (0,1]$, $\lim_{n\to\infty} S_n(x)=\frac{1}{2}$.

$$ S(x)= \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if} \quad x=0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & \text{if} \quad 0<x\le 1 \end{cases} $$

Since $S_n(x)$ is continous for all $n$, if $S_n(x)\to S(x)$ uniformly, then $S(x)$ is continuous.

Obviously, $S(x)$ is not continous at $0$, (by $p\to q \Leftrightarrow\neg q\to\neg p $), therefore $S_n$ is not uniformly convergent.

MathFail
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